Essay on The Invention of the Cell Phone - 1006 Words

In society today it is very rare to find someone who does not own a cell phone. There are ten year old children running around with iPhones. Cell phones have become such an important part of society. They have come along way with the advancements made in technology to allow these phones to do more than you would think possible. We now not only use them to contact people, but use them for social media, to take pictures, surf the web, and get information at the touch of our fingers. It is crazy to think that at one point there were no cell phones. Without the use of chemistry we would not have the cell phones that we use today. Chemistry is defined by the Holt Modern Chemistry textbook as the scientific study of the composition, structure,†¦show more content†¦Before we would have just had to wait until we got home to look up who that famous actor is that we were trying to name earlier. Before the cell phone if you were driving and got lost you would pull into the nearest gas station and ask for directions. Now with our smart phone you can pull up a map from your phone and get step by step directions to where you need to go. Before cell phones the world had a little more intimacy and privacy. People sent thoughtful handwritten letters and now we just shoot people an email. Cell phones have also reduced the amount of privacy we have. Now everything we do goes up online or on social media. As before things were more secretive and low key. With having internet on our phones everyone can figure out anything about anybody. Natural resources do not limit the the production of cell phones. If anything it helps manufacturers produce the cell phones. Most cell phones have large amounts of natural resources. They are used for a variety of parts. Crude oil is combined with natural gas also combined with chemicals to make plastic that is used in cell phones. Other natural resources include lead, zinc, beryllium, tantalum, coltan, gold, copper and other metals that are used to make the circuit board. Without these resources the cell phone would be missing many crucial parts and would not run properly. We have never had a massiveShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Cell Phone Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesInvention of the cell phone is one of the most significant technological advancements in recent times. The wide use of this type of technology has demonstrated an enormous impact across many aspects of today’s life including socially, physically, and emotionally. While, some of these things have cont ributed to life of humankind in a positive manner; however, others still have had a negative impact on life. In both developed and developing countries, cell phones are the main source of communicationRead MoreLiterature Review : Cell Phone And The Invention Of Cellular Phone1221 Words   |  5 Pages Literature Review Since the 20th century, the development of technologies is unprecedented, and the invention of cellular phone must be the most important. Literally speaking, cellular phone totally changed the way we communicate and live nowadays. However, the biggest promotion between phone and smart phone must be application. With the various kinds of application’s launch, cell phone is no longer just as the communicate tools for people, it plays so many roles in our daily life, and becauseRead MoreTechnology: The Invention of The Cell Phone Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesto communicate with family and friends with one simple device, the cell phone. A cellular phone is the most common type of technology used by all groups of people including parents, teenagers, and even young children. The number of people who own a cell phone also continues to increase, causing a huge distraction on society. Cell phones seem to own a person as they depend on their phone for almost everything. Though the c ell phone was invented for beneficial purposes, people have completely misusedRead MoreCell Phones Are The Most Powerful Invention Ever1261 Words   |  6 PagesCell phones are undoubtedly the most powerful invention ever comprised. They enable us to talk to a friend on the other side of the country, check Facebook to stalk our crush, and even watch the live Seahawks game airing in Minnesota – all at the touch of our fingers. But, that’s not all. The possibilities with cell phones are endless. To say that these small handheld devices are just powerful is an understatement. Cell phones are autocratic. Many say that they control the lives of all owners. HavingRead MoreRobert Rodriguez s Marketing New Inventions756 Words   |  4 PagesJudlin Pierre WSIII-023-27 Professor Coyle 17 September 2014 Illustration Essay Great Inventions Robert Rodriguez s Marketing new inventions is an essay about how to market inventions smartly and safely. Rodriguez shows examples of inventions that made it in the market and how they came about. Robert Rodriguez mentions facts about Tim Walsh, who gave examples of how some products are knocked off the market. Walsh states, â€Å"The problem is that success often prompts others to want in on whatRead MoreCell Phones Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore we had cell phones? You couldnt just call from your car if you were running late for work, in a wreck, or trying to find directions. Technology is increasing day by day, and going to do nothing but get bigger. With every new bit of technology, we get, there are always good and bad to come. Finding these problems is what makes technology interesting.   Cell phone has changed peoples life style.  The  history of cell phone has been developed from time to time since the first invention of handheldRead MoreThe Telephone: Then and Now1221 Words   |  5 PagesEvans The Telephone: Then and Now HUMN 303: Introduction to the Humanities Instructor E. Elliott February 11, 2011 The Telephone: Then and Now The telephone was one of the greatest American inventions. Developed in the 1800’s by Alexander Graham Bell, it quickly became one of the most used inventions in the world. The telephone had many impacts on society and the way we communicated and still plays a huge role in the world we live today. The telephone has developed from something that was notRead MoreCell Phone Addiction in Ncba College Student1123 Words   |  5 PagesCELL PHONE ADDICTION IN NCBA COLLEGE STUDENT A Research Paper Presented to Prof. Zenaida T. Miranda National College of Business and Arts Fairview, Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for English 2 ( 9:30-10:30 MWF ) 2nd Semester 2007-2008 By: ________________________ Linn Dantlhee E. Estopace B.S.Accountancy March 7, 2008 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Cell phones in the country have not only broadened communications and introduced new and faster lifestylesRead MoreCell Phones : Good And Bad891 Words   |  4 PagesCell phones could be both good and bad. Some people say that cell phones are dangerous. While, other people would argue that cell phones are a great invention. With every invention comes positives and negatives. Some of the advantages that cell phones provide is that testing is a fast and easy way of communication, texting and have social media all on your phone can always keep you updated and social with your friends, and people always have all of their personal information at one touch and carriesRead MoreNow is the Perfect Time to Invest in a Phone667 Words   |  3 PagesTaking a step towards the future initiates with the invention of many man-made godly technological advancements, among which are methods to keep everyone connected to each other at all time. Confirming the safety of the user, new an elegant prod ucts can be found at every turn of the road. Communication plays an important role in every humans life. Communication have concurred over visual effects, social media, and personalizing information. Communication is connection that links the sender to the

Essay Final Exam Questions - 740 Words

History 1302 Final Exam Spring 2013 On the day of the final, the students will be told which two prompts they will be required to respond to in blue books that the students have provided to the instructor. Essays should show a great deal of thought and range between â€Å"short answers† and formal essays, leaning closer to the idea of an essay. The student may have one page of handwritten notes on a standard size sheet of paper (8 ½ X 11). Bring this sheet with you to the final. 1) The events at the 1968 Democratic national Convention in Chicago suggested to many that the nation was disintegrating. But, as the authors of the textbook have noted, the tensions that seemed so palpable that summer had been long in developing and had â€Å"revealed deep†¦show more content†¦In what ways did the medium of television news shape U.S. public opinion from 1945 to 2000? In what ways did various groups use the news to advance their causes? Did television news dictate America’s foreign and domestic policy? Ultimately, was the power of the television news a positive or a negative force in American history? 6) Why did the American nation become embroiled in Viet Nam? Was it following the same impulse that led the United States into the forefront in Korea, or was it something different? Did we commit to the engagement with certainty, or was it something that we backed into reluctantly, but had no real choice? 7) Many of the â€Å"Great Society† programs of LBJ are still part of the American fabric today. Discuss four programs from the â€Å"Great Society† that still benefit America today. How â€Å"progressive† were these programs? Were they radical in their nature, or long overdue? 8) FDR had hoped that the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union would continue in the postwar world. Yet the two nations s oon became locked in a global conflictShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The Final Exam2872 Words   |  12 PagesOmar Alharthi Prof. Hagstrom LING 408 12.7.2014 Final Exam Part 1 Discuss briefly any four of the following topics (about 100-300 words each). Provide examples to illustrate your discussion. a. Aspect: Aspect grammatical category of verbs denotes the flow of time related to the event they express. Unlike tense that is semantically rather related to the event in time, aspect is about time moving through the event (Riemer 314). The difference between, for example, â€Å"I walked† and â€Å"I was walking† isRead MoreFinal Exam Essay : Questions1808 Words   |  8 PagesSergio Leal Political Science 2301 26 June 2016 Final Exam Essay (Topic 1) Within this class’s short amount of time, I have learned a great amount in what our government is as whole and what specific roles it has on our society. One of my favorite things that we were assigned was to go over the constitution and the amendments within the document, and although I had a fair share of knowledge of what it was about, there were a few new things that I had learned from sitting down and reading it. I wasRead MoreFinal Exam Questions On Sociology1284 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Exam Essays ïÆ'Ëœ Description of your Growth and Learning this Semester o When I decided to take sociology it was because I needed the course. I had very little knowledge about things we discussed throughout this class but I’ve learned a lot of new and interesting things from class discussions. I took helpful notes and facts from articles and the online readings. They have also really helped me and given me insightful information. For example, when we did the activity with the colored beads.Read MoreBus 401 Final Exam Questions1745 Words   |  7 PagesBUSINESS LAW 401 – FINAL EXAM 1. Name three ways to finance a new business. 2. What is the primary purpose of federal bankruptcy law? a. To protect creditors b. To treat all creditors equally c. To preserve business relationships d. To discharge the debtor from burdensome debts by giving him a fresh start 3. Martha started a flower shop as a sole proprietor. After one year, she was forced to close the shop because business was so badRead MoreEssay on IS 3340 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS1653 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿FINAL EXAM: QUESTIONS 1. Which core part of an operating system provides essential services? a. Service b. Driver c. Kernel $ d. Module 2. Which among the following is the process of proving that provided identity credentials are valid and correct? a. Identification b. Authentication $ c. Authorization d. Nonrepudiation 3. The ability to run a backup is an example of which Windows feature? a. Permission b. ACL c. Capability d. Right $ 4. Which among the following is the best reason toRead MoreAccountancy Final Exam Questions Essay997 Words   |  4 Pages1) Hahn Company uses the percentage of sales method for recording bad debts expense. For the year, cash sales are $300,000 and credit sales are $1,200,000. Management estimates that 1% is the sales percentage to use. What adjusting entry will Hahn Company make to record the bad debts expense? Debit Bad Debt Expense $12,000, Credit – Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $12,000 2) Using the percentage of receivables method for recording bad debts expense, estimated uncollectible accounts are $15,000Read MoreExam Topics and Questions (the Final Diagnosis)1561 Words   |  7 Pages served in the Royal Air Force from the start of World War II in 1939 until 1947, Soon he went to live in Canada. Most of his novels were written in the period between 1960s and 1990s. These are Flight into Danger, Hotel, Wheels, The Final Diagnosis. Hailey was best known for writing Airport. Several of them were made into TV shows and films. Airport was adapted to the big screen in 1970 and helped launch the disaster movie genre. Airport became a blockbuster movie with stunningRead MoreCis 336 Final Exam Questions with Answers645 Words   |  3 PagesCIS 336 Final Exam Questions With Answers http://www.homeworkwarehouse.com/downloads/cis-336-final-exam-questions-with-answers/ CIS 336 Final Exam Questions With Answers Question 1. Joe works for a company where the IT department charges him for the number of CRM login accounts that are in his department. What type of IT funding model is his company deploying? Question 2. This project cycle plan chart looks very much like a bar chart and is easy for management to read because of its visualRead MoreAcct 551 Final Exam (Questions with Answers)685 Words   |  3 PagesACCT 551 Final Exam (Questions With Answers) http://www.homework-bank.com/downloads/acct-551-final-exam-questions-answers/ ACCT 551 Final Exam (Questions With Answers) 1. (TCO C) Redstone Company spent $190,000 developing a new process, $45,000 in legal fees to obtain a patent, and $91,000 to market the process that was patented. How should these costs be accounted for in the year they are incurred? 2. (TCO D) Total payroll of Watson Co. was $920,000, of which $160,000 representedRead MoreFinal Exam Questions : 139 Deaf Culture1172 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam Questions-CDDS 139 Deaf Culture 2. Describe the ways in which Deaf culture is different from American culture in terms of communication and sharing of information. Deaf culture is different from American culture in a variety of ways. First off, the way these two cultures communicate is quite different. In Deaf culture, individuals communicate using ASL while in American culture individuals communicate mainly in English. Secondly, American culture is an individualist culture where sharing

Psychology of Body Language Free Essays

Navarro, Joe. (2008, January 1). Fast forces of attraction. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of Body Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/200712/fast-forces-attraction | â€Å"Pitch correlates only loosely with height, but is closely tied to hormone levels—meaning it’s a good indicator of fertility or dominance, as well as health and attractiveness. â€Å"In general, people with attractive voices have attractive faces,† says David Feinberg, a psychologist at McMaster University. † (pg. )| This is interesting because well one the use of the word correlation in this statement made me think of the correlation research method. Did they do actual research? And then I continued to where David Feinberg made his statement, and I believe this is untrue because again each person’s perception is different, I then continued to think of the saying â€Å"you have a face for radio† it just seemed contradictory. | | | â€Å"Accents affect our perceptions, as do speed and pitch. We judge fast talkers to be more educated, and those with varied inflection to be more interesting. Men prefer higher voices in women, and women like deeper voices in men (especially when ovulating or looking for a short-term relationship)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 1)| When the word â€Å"perception† came about I immediately thought of the Cognitive Prospective. | †¦Ã¢â‚¬ That’s why our brains have set us up to draw instantaneous inferences from tiny nuances of behavior, what psychologists call â€Å"thin slices† of judgment. We form first impressions of another’s attractiveness in a tenth of a second, generating a symphonic burst of desire in which everything from voice to wit plays a part†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( pg. ). | This section made me think that they used the Biological Prospective to explain the reasoning and help make it easier to see. | â€Å"People like people whom others find attractive. You might be inclined to think it’s because socializing with (or sleeping with) the It girl enhances your own status in the crowd. † (pg. 2)| Right he re is a great example of the Socio-cultural Prospective. It’s all about where you stand in our society today, and by this statement it is easy to see because it is very true. Its seems most evident in college students, seeing it firsthand. | â€Å"Most of us are drawn to those who hail from our own side of the tracks, and men and women are marrying within their social class much more than ever. † (pg. 2)| Again a perfect example of Sociocultural Prospective. | â€Å"†¦But ask 5,000 people and clear patterns emerge. Some traits have universal sex appeal because they’re markers of good genes, health, and fertility: a fit body, clear skin, a symmetrical face with average-sized and -shaped features, and traits that mark sex hormones†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. )| Now this section exemplifies the Evolutionary Prospective because people, even unknowingly, look for these traits because they want they’re offspring to be the strongest the fittest, which made me think of Darwinism. ‘The strong will survive. † The stronger, healthier, smarter, and most attractive evolve, the stay alive and most importantly pass their genes on. | Summary : this article was quite interesting, it talked about all aspects of attraction and explained from various prospectives of psychology. It talked about physical attributes such as looks, voice, health ect, to the mental part of attraction. | | How to cite Psychology of Body Language, Papers

Math Studies Ia free essay sample

What is the Relationship between Points per Game Scored and the Height of the Players in the NBA? Introduction: The NBA is one of the United States’ favorite sports leagues, with each team averaging 100 million dollars of income each year before expenses. Quite a bit of money is spent gambling, funding, and keep the public entertained with this sport. To keep this system working, and to get a fair share, all the coaches must attempt to keep their team on par with the others if not above their competitors. Knowing this, having any type of advantage could be quite profitable for a team. If there was a known way to give your team an advantage it would be utilized and be quite profitable. Height happens to be a physical characteristic that may play in role in having an advantage. If being taller does in fact give a player an advantage, then why not just hire the tallest players you can in order to get the biggest advantage? I chose this topic help determine whether or not this is a viable strategy for coaches. Although I would like to determine this and wish it to be true, I hypothesize that the points per game scored of the player will not drastically, if at all, depend of their player’s heights due to a multitude of other factors including, but not limited to, skill, practice, position, teams, plays, penalties, and the list goes on! Task: The main purpose of this investigation is to determine whether or not there is a relationship between the height of the players in the NBA and the amount of points they will score on average per game. The type of data that will be collected is the height of the players and their points per game on average for the most recent (complete) season. The points per game are used to determine how well the player performs (on average), and the height to determine the possible physical advantage that players can have over each other. The data was used to break down the average points per game scored for the heights of 64 different players and comparing them to see how it bodes. Plan of Investigation: I am investigating the relationship of points per game scored and height of players in the NBA. I have collected the data on the heights and points per game scored of 64 different players in the NBA from the previous season using the NBA’s official online database. With the collection of data that I have acquired I will use a number of mathematical processes to analyze the data: a calculation of the least squares regression line displayed in a scatter plot to visualize the relationship, and an r-correlation coefficient test to see the relationship’s strength and direction. Lastly, an X^2 test will be performed on the data to prove or disprove my null hypothesis. Following this, I will check my validity of the testing, and come to an ultimate conclusion as to whether or not I can back up my hypothesis or negate it. Discussion/Validity Limitations Throughout the investigation of the relationship between the points per game scored and the height of the players in the NBA, various limitations may have affected the outcome of the results. One limitation of the data collected could be that it reflects a random grouping of players from the mid-Atlantic region teams (Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, Philadelphia 76ers, New York Knicks, and Toronto Raptors). Players from different regions/teams could cause a difference. Another limitation is that I did not include players with an average PPG below 2. These players were not included because they were all point guards whose goal, rather than to score points, is to prevent the other team from scoring. Another limitation is that not all players play the same position. The goals of different positions vary from scoring, defending, passing and many others. There are point guards, shooting guards, small forwards, power forwards, and centers. Not to mention that strategies involving these positions have specific players take shots rather than everyone attempting to. Adding on that, there might be a limitation to the amount of data that was collected. Only having collected 64 pieces it would have been better to collect all players from the NBA to better reflect the full span of players. Lastly, one reason for a lower PPG is the coach’s decisions or being suspended. Benching a player (sitting them out) would cause them less game time for the season and thus reduce their average. Conclusion In spite of the aforementioned limitations, the project was done according to plan and it was found that the chi squared calculation value of 0. 242226345, which is less than the chi squared critical value of 3. 841, thus accepts the null hypothesis that points scored are independent values to their players height. By analyzing this categorical data it helps disprove that if you expect points to be higher with height you will be wrong. Furthermore, the investigation clearly shows that there is almost no correlation between points scored and height by looking at the r-correlation coefficient. The r-correlation coefficient comes out to be -0. 048247472 which is so minimal that it basically states (in layman’s terms) that there is correlation between the PPG and the height at all. This is even visualized with the graph that barely moves from the midline! Using this data we can determine it is essentially impossible to determine someone’s estimated PPG just by having their height. Bibliography MLA Formatted Citations * NBA. com, Official Site of the National Basketball Association. Â  Players. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. nba. com/players/gt;. * Players. Â  Players in the NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://espn. go. com/nba/playersgt;. * Boston Celctics Roster 2012Â  Players in the NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://espn. go. com/nba/team/roster/_/name/bos/boston-celticsgt;. * Brooklyn Nets Roster 2012Â  Players in the NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://espn. go. com/nba/team/roster/_/name/bkn/brookly n-netsgt;. * Toronto Raptors Roster 2012Â  Players in the NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://espn. go. com/nba/team/roster/_/name/bkn/tornto-raptorsgt;. * New York Knicks Roster 2012Â  Players in the NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://espn. go. com/nba/team/roster/_/name/bkn/new-york-knicksgt;. * Philadelphia 76’ers Roster 2012Â  Players in the NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://espn. go. com/nba/team/roster/_/name/bkn/philly-76ersgt;. * Players. Â  NBA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. lt;http://sports. yahoo. com/nba/playersgt;.

Mark Zuckerberg Essay Example

Mark Zuckerberg Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Zuckerberg specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Zuckerberg specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Zuckerberg specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mark Zuckerberg Mark Zuckerberg is popular because he is the founder of a social site called facebook. This young man came up with this site while he was still a student. In fact, he did this at the comfort of his dormitory, in college. Zuckerberg was a student at Harvard University where he pursued computer science. Before starting facebook, he had designed a website that was used to compare photos of other college mates. The administration did not approve this site therefore it was shut down and Zuckerberg was punished for this. This was likely to discourage him but on the contrary, it motivated him. In three months time, he had done what the CIA was unable to do in sixty year, develop a social site and named it facebook (Woog 13). Zuckerberg’s passion in computer science did not start in college. He developed interest in software as early as when he was in middle school. He learned how to program through the help of his father and a tutor. To enhance his knowledge, he pursued a programming course at graduate level, which assisted him to create computer programs. Some of these were computer games and communication mediums. He said that some of his friends who were artistic could design games and he could make programs for those games. Today many children are playing computer games designed by Mark (Woog 20). Apart from starting facebook, Zuckerberg has contributed a lot to the society. He enjoys charity work and even donates most of his wealth to charity. He and Bill Gates signed a promise to donate half of their wealth or more. They also encouraged others to give donations to charity. After he started facebook, he donated hundred million dollars to Newark, which is a public school computer system. This money was meant for improving the efficiency of the system. He also gave an unknown amount to a website called Diaspora, which is a server that offers services related to social networking. Woog (33) adds that more to being an excellent academic performer, Mark is good at theater arts. He is a main character in a movie, which is an inspiration to many people. He has won an award of the best start up CEO in 2007 and was voted the person of the Year in Times magazine of Year 2010. Other achievements before the facebook social site include developing a music system called Synapse and another project called Wirehog. However, these two projects were terminated because he intended to start new ones. Today, Zuckerberg is considered as one of the most powerful people in the world The Forbes magazine ranked him number nine this year. The writer commended him because he was one of the people who had the greatest improvement from the previous year. In 2010, he was position forty but this year he has made a climb of thirty-one steps (Woog 35). Like all other people, Mark has a social life. He has many friends from child hood and others from college. In fact, the invention of facebook site was with the help of his two friends Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. He has a girlfriend who is of Chinese origin but is an American citizen. They have been together since high school. His life is simple even with how he dresses. It would seem as if his life is relaxed with no worries but he also has his share of fears. He narrates an experience of how he came face to face with a gun but luckily, he was not hurt. That day, he was driving home when he stopped for gas. A man emerged from the blues and pointed a gun at him. Surprisingly, he did not make demands so Mark drove off happily considering himself lucky (Woog 40). Works Cited Woog, Adam. Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook creator. California: Gale, 2009. Print

Hahn Surname Meaning and Family History

Hahn Surname Meaning and Family History From the Middle High German han or hane meaning cock or rooster, Hahn was originally a nickname for a proud, cocky individual. Alternate Surname Spellings:  HAHNE, HAHNN, HAHEN, HAHENN, HAAHN, HAAHNN Surname Origin: German, Jewish Where in the World is the HAHN  Surname Found? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, the Hahn surname is found most prevalently in Germany, where it ranks 45th in the nation, followed by South Korea (96th) and Austria (158th). Within Germany, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, Hahn is most common in Sachsen, Hessen, and Rheinland-Pfalz. Surname  distribution maps at  verwandt.de  show the  Hahn surname is  found in 439 cities and counties throughout Germany, most prevalently in Berlin, Hamburg,  Mà ¼nchen, Esslingen, Hannover, Gießen, Frankfurt am Main,  Kà ¶ln, Rems-Murr-Kreis, and  Nà ¼rnberg. Famous People with the HAHN Surname: Otto Hahn -  Nobel Prize-winning German scientist who discovered nuclear fission and the element protactiniumAugust Hahn - German protestant theologianCarl Wilhelm Hahn - German zoologistPhilipp Matthus Hahn  - German priest and inventorErwin L. Hahn - U.S. physicist Genealogy Resources for the Surname HAHN: Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Hahn  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hahn  family crest or coat of arms for the Hahn surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Hahn Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Hahn surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Hahn surname query. DistantCousin.com - HAHN Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hahn. The Hahn Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Hahn surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Project Cash Flow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Cash Flow - Essay Example Therefore to have the money later you will certainly want a reasonable compensation for the delayed consumption, the risk or uncertainty and the inflation. All these factors: delayed consumption, uncertainty and inflation determine the interest rate over a certain amount of money which is due at present but the acquisition of which is put off till a future date. In any situation when a person or group becomes or become indifferent to these three factors then the value of time to that person or group in that particular situation ceases to matter. The situation can be caused by internal factors as well as external factors or both. We can imagine few such situations, for example if in a hospital the anaesthesia machine goes bust in the mid of an operation and the standby machine is at some other OT then irrespective of rational comparisons a new machine has to be ordered because the situation demands it, or for example if there is fire in a factory and machines become unavailable for completing the order at hand worth millions of dollars then new machinery has to be arranged for as soon as possible without going into much details of profitability etc. The example that we have taken are extreme cases. In real life, situations generally lie mid way between conditions of very high emergencies to conditions of no pressure at all. There is usually existence of some pressures which limits the time that can be infinitely spent on arriving at the best analysis. In real life decision making is often done amidst many known and many unknown variables.1 Situations of absolute unpredictability Situations of absolute predictability Reliance on the available and Reliance on complex decision making tools easy to operate decision making tools II) Time value of Money-estimating the discount rate The predictability of a situation depends on a host of internal and external factors. Internal factors can include the knowledge and experience of the organization the management information and coordination systems, the resources and time available to the organization etc. The external factors can include the market forces and the business environment. In the case of applying time value analysis in project decisions the uncertain factor is the cost of capital 2.The estimation of cost of capital or the discounting rate is a complex process and its accuracy depends on many factors. Estimating the cost of capit

Sadown Response paper to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Essay

Sadown Response paper to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button - Essay Example Out of curiosity, would changing a character’s name give additional cinematic effect to a film? One would think though that it is quite peculiar since it really did not matter in the film. Also, the film version was given a modification by adding characters in the story. Hurricane Katrina has left the country with heartaches and hardships. This was used to add drama in the story and to be more appealing to the public of the 21st century that would view a short story written in the 1920s. It is understandable how this was presented this way rather than a straight-forward method of presenting the story. The movie presented a very serious matter even during the days with the most advanced technology in medical science. It is true that the world is filled with unexplained subject matters which are left to be explored or may remain to be unanswered. The topic would tickle the curiosity of its audience regardless of the time or era that it will be shown. It is a subject matter is ab out age. It was also peculiar that instead of an old man with a beard, the film presented Benjamin Button as an â€Å"old† baby with wrinkled skin all-over his body. Initially, when Benjamin was examined by a physician, the doctor did not even say that he would live a full life. This is because of the child’s appearance and state of health. ... The script was written during the modern times, could this part be skipped? Just because a person has a particular disease or irregularities, that person does not need an exorcist to be healed. After Benjamin was â€Å"healed†, the pastor died. The main character was able to walk, with the help of the crutches, after the â€Å"healing†. Story writers used more recent events in history rather than using the 1860s setting of the story. During these events, also, there were parts where more people tend to reveal secrets kept for years. Here is when writers may think that the secrets would be understood since one’s life is almost about to end. Why it is always deemed that secrets revealed while a person is on his deathbed easier to be accepted? Now the question is â€Å"How would the living deal with the truth?† In her lifetime, Caroline thought that the man whom she knew as her father was actually her stepfather. Since this was revealed in her mother’s deathbed, there is a sense that she should accept the fact that her father’s true identity was concealed from her. This is almost a known plot in most films. It would be just depending on the writers how they would play the twist in a given idea of the story especially if it is an adaptation from a written material. The idea can even be wrongly regarded as an emotional blackmail to the other character since one will not be questioned or judged especially if the person is about to breathe its last breath. This can also be considered as true in real life and is happening even as one speaks. It is not a matter of how the actors played their roles as they only act out what the director is telling them. On the other hand, it is also not how the film was directed as the director is just interpreting the script that has

THE CURRENT TRENDS OF WHOLE FOODS MARKETING Research Paper

THE CURRENT TRENDS OF WHOLE FOODS MARKETING - Research Paper Example These leaders can be contacted via phone or email specified on their website. Thus, Whole Foods Market tried to help its customers and tries to give them the best possible service as well, in order to keep its customers satisfied. (Whole Foods Market, 2011) Whole Foods Market is an organization that claims that it provides its customers natural and least processed food. It is their Unique Selling Proposition that they try to give their customers products in purest form. They try not to sell products coming out of cloned animals; rather they claim to give the product in its most natural form possible. They also try not to use artificial colors or preservatives in their products. Whole Foods Market has many products but most of them are related to food and health. There are many product lines available at Whole Foods Market including Grocery, Whole Body, Premium Body Care, 365 Everyday Value, Bakery, Prepared Foods and Whole Foods Market Brand. (Whole Foods Market, 2011) Whole Foods keeps adding new product lines and should do so in order to keep its customers entertained, happy and satisfied. However, no matter what they introduce, their Unique Selling Proposition remains the same, that is, they keep giving natural and high quality products. Whole Foods Market provides its customers with the most natural products possible which gives it a completive edge in the market. Whenever it comes to pure, organic or low processed food, Whole Foods Market always comes to mind. There are competitors for Whole Foods Market but these competitors have not taken Whole Food Market’s position and this is because Whole Foods Market provides to its customers what its competitors do not. In this age where everybody is learned and is aware that in order to do something and to make a difference they need to stay healthy and in order to stay healthy they need to maintain a healthy diet. This is why Whole Foods

Communication Is Art And Science English Language Essay

Communication Is Art And Science English Language Essay The definition of science is The systematic study of humans and their environment based on the deductions and inferences which can be made, and the general laws which can be formulated, from reproducible observations and measurements of events and parameters within the universe (Commonwealth, 2010). The definition of semantics is the study or science of meaning in language (Answers, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence from one or more words is applied science. The sentence is reproducible, inferences can be made, and general laws can be formulated. The definition of art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Retyi, 2010). The definition of adjectives is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence (Capital, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence that affects the senses or emotions is art. The se ntence may encompass a diverse range of activities, creations, and expressions. However, it may not affect similar emotions every time, which makes it irreproducible. ART AND SCIENCE Communication is art and science Communication is requisite for life. It allows sharing of information. It sustains businesses, schools, churches, governments, hospitals, and homes. Communication defines us, our personality, our connections, and our ability to reason. We could not survive without it. We would have limited cognitive processes. There would be no society. There would be no friendships. Marriages and families would be nonexistent and humans would not reproduce. Thus, we would not be. The earliest recorded form of communication was in 3500 BC when the Phoenicians developed an alphabet (New York Times, 2010). Communication slowly progressed through the centuries from hieroglyphics, homing pigeons, human messengers, heliographs, Morse code, books, newspapers, typewriters, telephone, photography, radio, television, recordable media, and computers. Today, communication can be instantly transmitted across the world via the internet or cellular phone. Endless hours of communication can be recorded on digital media. Languages are immediately translated between ethnicities and races via electronic devices. The technical evolution of communication from its earliest form to present day is a result of science. The relationship, feeling, emphasis, and bias of communication are art. The definition of science is The systematic study of humans and their environment based on the deductions and inferences which can be made, and the general laws which can be formulated, from reproducible observations and measurements of events and parameters within the universe (Commonwealth, 2010). The definition of semantics is the study or science of meaning in language (Answers, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence from one or more words ART AND SCIENCE is applied science. The sentence is reproducible, inferences can be made, and general laws can be formulated. The definition of art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Retyi, 2010). The definition of adjective is words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence (Capital, 2010). Therefore, forming a sentence that affects the senses or emotions is art. The sentence may encompass a diverse range of activities, creations, and expressions. However, it may not cause similar emotions every time, which makes it irreproducible. If communication were only science, then art would not exist. There would not be a way to describe how an individual feels. If communication were only art, then science would not exist. There would not be a way to describe science because pure scientific writing is void of art. Science and scientific writing is reproducible. It is not formed by deliberating arranging words to cause emotion. There is a way to combine science and art. The University of California at Santa Cruz has the only graduate science writing program in the nation that requires a degree in science and experience in research (UCSC, 2010). The program introduces scientists to mass media journalism. Students learn to practice science writing as a fine artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ explore creative and distinctive forms of science writing (USCS, 2010). Graduates work in mass media reporting on stories in science, technology, and medicine. A well known example is National Public Radio. Several writers for NPR are graduates of the program. They have successfully alchemized science and art. ART AND SCIENCE Nonverbal communication is art. Nonverbal communication includes elements of vocal tone, somatic posture, spatial arrangements, clothing, and silence. Meaning can be changed without changing the vocabulary or structure. In addition, it is culturally specific. In the United States, thumbs up are a symbol of support and acceptance but in Iran it is considered vulgar. Also, in the United States, maintaining eye contact is important and a sign of respect but in Zimbabwe it is considered rude (Wu, 2010). The science of communication is found in its vehicle. The most primitive scientific form of mass communication was the use of clay. In 2900 BC, the Sumerians invented cuneiform writing (New York Times, 2010). Wedge-shaped impressions called pictographs were pressed in clay. Merchants used the pictograph clay tokens to document the amount of materials shipped or traded. However, record keeping became difficult because the pictographs would slowly fade from the clay (New York Times, 2010). A more permanent form of mass communication became necessary. Thus, the science of communication began to evolve. The vehicles of papyrus, parchment, and paper were made from the science of botany. Gutenbergs invention of the printing press was made from the science of metallurgy. According to Mark Twain, The whole world admits unhesitatingly; and there can be no doubt about this, that Gutenbergs invention is the incomparably greatest event in the history of the world (Project Gutenberg, 2010). The vehicle of electronic communication is possible because of computer science. The art of nonverbal communication can be conveyed perfectly via electronics. Telephone, radio, television, and computers have made possible mass transmission of the art of nonverbal communication. In addition, they have made conveying the art and science of communication ART AND SCIENCE easier, faster, and less expensive. In contrast, the art of nonverbal communication is difficult to convey in typewritten form. Recently, the science of expressing emotion the art of nonverbal communication in written typewritten form has become popular by the use of emoticons. Emoticons are not vocabulary; they are text-based representations of a writers disposition. For example, the emotion happy is symbolized by writing or typing :-). It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence or idea. Howard Gardner, framer of multiple intelligences theory, sheds light on the art and science of communication. He reveals similarities between the art and science of communication and philosophy. Gardner views the invention of cognitive science a wonderful stimulus for philosophy or the art of communication. Furthermore, philosophy is an indispensable handmaiden for empirical scientists (Gardner, 1987). Gardner writes, Philosophy enables us to define fundamental cognitive scientific questions in a coherent way, and assures the proper integration of work in disparate fields, he continues, It is thus fitting that the field of philosophy, whose initial agenda helped to stimulate the rise of cognitive science, has been fueled by that new discipline, even as philosophy can, in turn, help to reform and interpret work spawned by its recent intellectual offspring (Gardner, 1987). The art or science of communication can be dissected and presented on its own. However, it can not exist in realit y 🙂 ART AND SCIENCE

The Integration of Science and Religion Essay -- Philosophy Religion E

The Integration of Science and Religion At first glance, many facets of science and religion seem to be in direct conflict with each other. Because of this, I have generally kept them confined to separate spheres in my life. I have always thought that science is based on reason and cold, hard facts and is, therefore, objective. New ideas have to be proven many times by different people to be accepted by the wider scientific community, data and observations are taken with extreme precision, and through journal publications and papers, scientists are held accountable for the accuracy and integrity of their work. All of these factors contributed to my view of science as objective and completely truthful. Religion, on the other hand, always seems fairly subjective. Each person has their own personal relationship with God, and even though people often worship as a larger community with common core beliefs, it is fine for one person’s understanding of the Bible and God to be different from another’s. Another reason that Christianity seems so subjective is that it is centered around God, but we cannot rationally prove that He actually exists (nor is obtaining this proof of great interest to most Christians). There are also more concrete clashes, such as Genesis versus the big bang theory, evolution versus creationism, and the finality of death versus the Resurrection that led me to separate science and religion in my life. Upon closer examination, though, many of these apparent differences between science and Christianity disappeared or could at least be reconciled. After studying them more in depth, science and Christianity both seem less rigid and inflexible. It is now clear that intertwined with the data, logic, and laws of scien... ...eveloped, and especially during the Enlightenment, God and religion were relegated to a lesser role because it was thought that science could explain everything. Now, though, the farther we plunge into science, the more questions we find that can only be answered by religion. When science and Christianity are both studied and well understood, especially in the context of their limitations, it is possible to integrate them, or at least for them to complement each other, in my view of the world. Works Cited Armstrong, Karen. A History of God. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993. Armstrong, Karen. In the Beginning. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997. Maas, A.J. "Resurrection of Jesus Christ." New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. 20 April 2003 .

Cuyahoga River

Daniel Groves Environmental Geology Case Study November 22, 2011 Cuyahoga River Fires â€Å"In the United States, a concerted effort is underway to reduce water pollution and thereby improve water quality. † (Keller) A case history of river pollution is the Cuyahoga River located in Northeastern Ohio. The river is 100 miles long flowing south to Cuyahoga Falls where it then turns north until it empties into Lake Erie. Cleveland and Akron are two major cities located along the river. The Cuyahoga is known as an infant glacial river, this is because it is one of the youngest river created from the melting of the glaciers.It is estimated that the river is about 13,000 year old. The story of the Cuyahoga is one with many lows and highs. The fires being the lows; new legislation and organizations formed to clean up and then prevent this from happening to other rivers being the highs. The name â€Å"Cuyahoga† comes from Native American word meaning crooked river. The river wa s very useful to early Native Americans; it allowed for easy transportation and plenty of food. The river supported all types of wildlife that the natives would kill for their furs.Just as the Cuyahoga was useful for Native Americans, the European settlers used it in many of the same ways. Early European fur traders may have played a large part in the demise of the Cuyahoga. Many hunters would set up trading post along the river. During the War of 1812 the Native American had been displace by the new settlers. The Cuyahoga River Basin was a desirable area for most settlers. The Founding Fathers knew that the area that is now Ohio would be of great importance. They knew that the Cuyahoga was the prime spot because the river empties into Lake Erie.Soon large steel and rubber industries would build factories that produced tremendous amounts of untreated wastes. These industries are characterized by heavy manufacturing activity and an outflow of production. The pollution that was produc ed by these industries caused the river to be unsafe. The Cuyahoga River has had many fires over the years. The first fire in 1936 was rumored to be started by a blow torch spark. In 1952 a fire caused a million dollars’ worth of damage to river boats and riverfront businesses.On June 22, 1969 another river fire engulfed the river, this time the media coverage captured the attention of the nation. Time Magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that â€Å"oozes rather that flows† and in which a person â€Å"doesn’t drown but decays†. Many of the residents of Cleveland accepted the pollution as a necessary evil because they had jobs at these factories. This article helped the people of Cleveland pass a 100 million dollar bond to clean up the Cuyahoga River. Much of the industry that both made Cleveland rich and caused its river to burn may never be coming back.The costs of these fires were tremendous, but it did help lead to laws being passed to prevent this from happening in other rivers. One such law was the Clean Water Act of 1972. The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in which the US governs water pollution. The Act states the objectives of eliminating releases of high amounts of toxic substances into water. The CWA made it unlawful to dump toxic materials into navigable, waters unless given a permit. The permit is given through the EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.The purpose of The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System is to regulate point sources that flow into bodies of water. The Clean Water Act has been changed over the years because of the development of technology. Another was the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement is a document constructed to keep the physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes and the surrounding regions. It also includes many objectives and processes to maintain the integrity that was outlined in t he document.According to the 13th biennial reports on Great Lakes Water Quality December 2006, â€Å"We further believe that such progress depends, to a very substantial extent, on whether the Parties and other levels of government, working together, create the means by which they can be held accountable for progress toward achieving the objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. † (Commission) Another Organization that was formed as a result of the Cuyahoga River fires is the â€Å"Cuyahoga River Remedial Action Plan† or RAP. RAP was created in 1988 by Ohio EPA as a community based program aimed at restoring the Cuyahoga River.Their goals are to inform the community of the effects of pollution and to work with industries to stop the pollution of the river. â€Å"The RAP is a proven resource for bringing together technical knowledge, stakeholders and local officials in a supportive setting to develop and implement effective solutions for restoring our loca l streams. † (Erie Brand Streams and Rivers) It is amazing how a river catching fire opens the eyes of so many people. It took Time Magazine to scare a nation into do something about individuals and companies dumping untreated waste into rivers and lakes.When more people realized what these industries were doing to their hometown, they took action. Even though things for the Cuyahoga and the Great Lakes are improving there is still much to be done. Works Cited Commission, International Joint. 13th Biennial Report On Great Lakes Water Quality. 2006. Erie Brand Streams and Rivers, . â€Å"Operations and Maintenance. † Epa. gov. CRCPO, Nov 2003. Web. 21 Nov 2011. . Keller, Edward A. Introduction To Environmental Geology. 4th. Prentice Hall, 2008. Cuyahoga River The Cuyahoga River The Cuyahoga River is located in northeastern Ohio running through the major cities of Cleveland and Akron. The river is 100 miles long and empties into Lake Erie. It was said to be formed by the advancement and retreat of ice sheets during the ice age. The final retreat caused the river to flow north ward which had flowed southward before. (Michael) In more recent times, the Cuyahoga River was known as â€Å"the river that caught fire. † This is because the river was polluted from industrial companies spilling their waste into the river during the late 1880’s all the way up to the mid 1900’s.The river had a top layer of oil coating it which got thicker as years went by. People who worked on the river had a goal of not falling overboard into the river. One Cleveland mayor, Rensselaer R. Herrick, of the 1880’s even stated, â€Å"It is a sewer that runs through the heart of the city. † (Michael & The) The river was so polluted that it was like a cauldron to most. Even rats had been seen flowing down the river. Residents near Cleveland said they could feel the pollution. (Michael) Richard Ellers was a resident in Cleveland. He states, â€Å"Back in the '60s †¦I went on a news excursion on the river downtown to show how bad the pollution was. I remember we could see a layer of crud on the water but didn't appreciate its thickness of the pollution on Cuyahoga River until I dipped my hand into it. † (Cuyahoga) The river was devastating to live by, but much worse to be around. It was so contaminated that it caught on fire multiple times. The fires had started ever since 1868. River fires became the most occurring incidents on the river. These occurrences quickly gave Cleveland a tarnished name and a realization for all about how unclean the river really was. Michael & The) As the dirty river got worse over time, so did the fires. The Cuyahoga River fire of 1969 happened in June of that year beside Campb ell Road in southeastern Cleveland near the Republic Steel Mill. (Michael) There were large amounts of debris soaked of oil that were just waiting to all burn up in flames one day. It was said to be either sparked by a passing train or molten steel. (Ohio & The) The fire grew enough for flames to be leaping up from the water. (Michael) It could’ve burned down Cleveland if not tamed.It was swiftly doused by local firefighting tugboat crews. It was safe to know that it did not cause maximum damage or any fatality. Fortunately, it was also the last river fire to happen. (Ohio & The) This incident became known all over the country. The U. S. was becoming more eco aware of the environment. Cleveland started taking strides in protecting the river and cleaning it up. Residents passed a bond that granted 100 million dollars to clean it up. Cleveland was still the symbol of environmental degradation even though it was taking steps towards pollution control though. Ohio) â€Å"The thi ck pollution on the water and the fire became a convenient example of what ‘bad' really is,† said Frank Samsel, whose company aided in early 1970s cleanup efforts. â€Å"And the more you talked down about how terrible it was, the more the press and news jumped on it. But it also made people aware of the fact that things could be different. † Cleveland was wide awake about how bad they let things get. (Cuyahoga) Time magazine wrote an article about the incident which put pressure on Cleveland about hygienic regulation.They already had enough pressure due to their bad reputation about the unhygienic river. (Ohio) Mayor, Carl Stokes, started to become very active in the situation. He could see how it affected the city and used that to make positive changes. (Cuyahoga) Carl Stoke’s brother got involved as well. US representative, Louis Stokes, urged federal involvement. The legislature passed the National Environment Protection Act (NEPA) which was signed into law Jan 1st, 1970. It was an act that formed the agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which led to the put forth of the Clean Water Act of 1972.It mandates that all rivers in the United States to be hygienic enough to allow mass amounts of swimmers and fish in the water by 1983. (Cuyahoga & The) The progress became very noticeable to not only the residents near the Cuyahoga River, but to the country as well. (The) The legislature had invested 3. 5 billion into the purification of the river and new sewer systems. (Ohio) The Cuyahoga River became safer and residents felt at ease again. Most importantly, the country was educated and thought more about the environment in which they lived in. Michael) The Cuyahoga River of 1969 brought positive change after all. The U. S hasn’t seen a river fire since 1969. The water quality improved greatly. (The) Today, it is a playground to fish and swim in like most rivers. The river is now home to 60 different species of fish as well. The river fire reshaped Cleveland and the realities of life. (Ohio) Bibliography Michael Rotman, â€Å"Cuyahoga River Fire,† Cleveland Historical, accessed February 25, 2013, http://clevelandhistorical. org/items/show/63 Ohio History Central – An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History – Ohio Historical Society. Ohio History Central – An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History – Ohio Historical Society. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. . Cuyahoga River fire 40 years ago ignited an ongoing cleanup campaign | cleveland. com. † Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather – cleveland. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. . The return of the Cuyahoga. Dir. Lawrence R. Hott. Perf. Cleveland. Ideastream ;, 2008. DVD.

Et cetera, Re, and Sic

Et cetera, Re, and Sic Et cetera, Re, and Sic Et cetera, Re, and Sic By Maeve Maddox When the Latin-loving educated classes finally started taking English seriously enough to write their works in, they brought a lot of Latin terms with them. Some of the terms remain in the language, among them et cetera, re, and sic. Et cetera Commonly abbreviated etc., the Latin phrase et cetera is used at the end of a list to indicate things in addition to those already enumerated: When you go shopping, be sure to buy such staples as flour, rice, sugar, etc. In older texts, you may see it abbreviated as c. The symbol , called the ampersand, originated as a ligature for the Latin word et (and). Note: In writing and printing, a ligature is two or more letters joined together to form one character, like the letters e+t. Etc. is frequently misspelled as â€Å"ect† and mispronounced as [ek setera]. These errors can be avoided by noting that the first part of the phrase is et, not â€Å"ek.† The exact translation of et cetera is â€Å"and the others: et=and, cetera=the others. Re: Another Latin word commonly used in English is re. The Latin phrase â€Å"in re† means â€Å"in the matter of,† or â€Å"concerning.† Traditionally, the word has been written at the top of a letter, either in all caps or with an uppercase R and a lowercase e, followed by a colon: RE: Re: Until recently, Re: was understood as a way to announce the subject of the message to follow: Re: Your letter of May12, 2014 As is the case with many formerly familiar Latin expressions in English, the meaning of Re: has become blurred, and its use is shifting. Many web users believe that it is an abbreviation for regarding. Others use it in email subjects to mean â€Å"Reply.† Sic The Latin word sic in square brackets after a word in quoted material means that something in the quotation is in error. The writer quoting the material inserts [sic] to indicate that the misspelled word or inaccurate fact occurs in the original: The most usual use of [sic] familiar to the general reader is its use to signal a misspelled or word: According to the document, â€Å"Every store on Main Street has the responsibility to provide it’s [sic] own parking.† {Sic] is also used to signal an error of fact. For example: Simpson says, â€Å"In Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur, that the young Arthur draws Excalibur [sic] from the stone and is recognized as the rightful king.† The error being flagged by [sic] does not point to a misspelling; it has to do with the fact that in Malory, the sword drawn from the stone is not Excalibur. Arthur obtains Excalibur much later, from the Lady of the Lake. Related posts on DailyWritingTips: Regarding Re: What Does Sic Mean? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightExcited ABOUT, not "for" 50 Synonyms for "Song"

Coupon mall Essay Example

Coupon mall Essay Example Coupon mall Essay Coupon mall Essay Essay Topic: The Namesake The research was mainly focused in determining the consumer perceptions or the product as well as the store and studying the competing malls and stores with respect to the factors influencing consumer buying behavior. As part of the study, the research also included understanding the future potential of destination shopping in Indian market. An exploratory research was carried out focusing on consumer preferences, price expectation, stated and unstated needs for products in a shopping mall. The methodology followed for the research consisted of depth interview and online survey. A sample of 25 customers have been considered to understand the need gap room their previous experience with Coupon mall and what they would have really liked. Another sample of 25 customers from the competitors store has been interview, a conclusive research has been done to understand the key parameters which affect consumer behavior. An online survey was filled by 30 customers. In addition to the above, an ethnographic study has been done to understand the operational aspect of the store. The research resulted in several key findings which emphasizes the existence of potential opportunities for Coupon mall which it can leverage to meet the need gap for customer requirements. The finding about customers explains that while discount is a motivating factor for them to enter the store, they major look for good quality products in store The results also include findings on important parameters which affects the sales in other retail outlets like Shopper stops, Brand factory, Bangor central and forum mall. Predate apparels started manufacturing in 1995; as a part of its retail wing, Coupon mall started operation in 2007 at Bangor and Rapper. The journey took a fast pace as it ventured in different cities like Abridged, Hydrated, country. The normal Store sizes ranges from 25000 to 50000 sq. Ft. It follows discounted retailing format by targeting value conscious customers but promises big brands in all consumer categories. It can be categorized as a family store because of the presence of product categories across Men, Women, Kids, Accessories, Shoes and Home section. The coupon mall as the subject of the project was selected after the collective observation that the sale of coupon mall was not up to mark. It was decided the problem identification and root cause analysis would be done. Observation made around campus and noticed that coupon mall had low footfall as compared to other malls. Coupon mall was chosen as a subject of research to understand The reasons behind low footfall Is footfall affecting the sales target of the mall If discount shopping format retail appeal to Indian value customer- Are these discount retailers showing a growth in Bangor Does destination shopping has a future Literature survey Price perceptions are an essential part of a retailers store image (Lindquist, 1974/1975; Simmer and Golden, 1988). The significance of price is also underlined by recent developments in the retailing sector. Customers seem to find discount stores cheaper than traditional retailers; however, retailers should not only gauge price images. As research has underlined the multidimensionality of price images (Ezekiel, 2006) and price satisfaction (Metzger et al. 2006), retailers have to set priorities as to which image dimensions they should attach the most importance to. Some retailers might be superior in terms of paying more attention to the price-level image, while other retailers should get better with the perceived value for money. While the price- level image refers to how cheap or expensive customers recognize the store, value for money depends on what customers perceive they get in return for the prices they pay (price-performance ratio). Despite the utter size and economic importance of discount retailers along with the concentrated coverage that hey receive in the popular press, academic researchers have only recently begun to meticulously examine their strategic decision-making and the consequence of competition between them (Ting GHz, Visual Sings, Mark Mazurka, 2007). Therefore each retailer needs to evaluate the enablers and deterrents in the retail marketplace. This primarily involves identifying the key drivers of growth, the shoppers profile and challenges in the market place. Then the retailer decides the elements of the retail mix to satisfy the target markets needs more effectively than its competitors. The hospice of retail mix elements will enable it to decide the type of format or structure of business. The present study answers these questions by analyzing different parameters which impact Costumers perception. The simplicity of bringing big city department stores and traditional shopping centers and malls into communities has since given way for more customized, taste specific retail centers that precisely define their target market. Moreover, the technique in which retail and retail development has identified place and destination has changed, with its definition being used ore copiously in print and marketing contexts while less so in the dictionary of planners and developers. The changing position and makeup of suburbs and their residents, the key demographic of shopping malls and complex, spurred this change and retailers needs to alter their definition of what constitutes a destination, and with more and more customers of all backgrounds and classes moving into these crucial retail battlegrounds, it will be up to developers, planners, retailers, and demographers to study these evolving settlement trends, evaluate their connection tit retail, and continue to redefine the retail destinations around them. This study has will also focus on the future of destination shopping format in Indian retail concept. Methodology Problem Identification: To understand the problem faced by coupon mall, 25 customers were interviewed who had visited different nearby malls. They were asked some basic questions to identify the grass root problems. Research design: As per the hypothesis, a competitive analysis had been done in which different attributes were compared for different malls with the help of a survey conducted on 25 customers. Exploratory research: Another 30 customers were interviewed to understand consumers point of view on the quality parameter which came out as the major concern in initial indents interview.. Conclusive research: To the customers perception regarding coupon mall, a perceptual map was drawn on the basis of the attributes which came out as findings from the comparative study of different malls. Recommendations: Based on the findings from the study, possible recommendations were given to increase the footfall and conversion ratio of the coupon mall. Exploratory research Two-folded approach was taken for exploratory research: ) To start with the exploratory research depth interviews of local resident were taken on different location at different dates and time. The interviews were taken on both weekdays and weekends, at Eggplant mall, shopper stop, Namesakes mall and also in and outside coupon mall. The questionnaire was developed by keeping the parameters like quality, variety, assortment and discount offered by Coupon mall. A typical interview started with the question that whether a customer knew coupon mall or not.

Research controversy surrounding the constitutionality of using civil Paper

Controversy surrounding the constitutionality of using civil junctions against gangs - Research Paper Example Law enforcement department simply requires to present concrete and enough evidence associating the person to the named gang. The law enforcement agency should provide the identity of people they hang out with, the color of clothes they wear and the tattoos on their body. Due to this, gang injunctions in the US have elicited a heated debate and controversy. Civil rights lobbyists argue that the strategy and the system is not effective and that it violates human rights. They assert that it is unconstitutionally wrong to allow gangs to operate legally. This according to the civil rights movement motivates racial profiling and suppressive policing. Further, they assert that it criminalizes young individuals who may never have done or committed some crimes (O'Deane 48). Wearing wrong colors or a minor mistake or being spotted conversing with a known gang member can be sufficient to get you listed as a gang member. Once an individual is on the list, it is difficult to get a job and difficu lt to escape the area that funnels you into a gang. Law enforcement agents have used injunctions for a long time in fighting gang violence in California. It was first used in Los Angeles in the 1980s; the strategy has proved ineffective in fighting gang violence. ... Supporters of gang injunctions have asserted that the various limitations and threat of penalties act as a deterrent to criminal activities. Nevertheless, in case the reason injunctions are successful has nothing to do with the penalties and limitations that draw the attention of civil rights lawyers. The answer centers on what happens to the gang members when police officers give them evidence they possess of their criminal activities. Traditionally, police officers conceal the information before letting the case to proceed to trial. The law enforcers assume that informing the criminals or gang members about the evidence they have collected against them only assists them defend themselves during trial. However, the success of the gang injunctions is psychological in that by informing the criminals know that they are being monitored, they eventually change and modify their actions and behaviors (Grogger 77). Civil gang injunctions emerged out of extreme anxiety. In the early 190s, th e Los Angeles law enforcers were finding it to control and manage the gangs and these gangs were almost taking control of the city. Assault, homicide, and robbery rates were increasing rapidly. The drug business seemed to be increasing. The gang fights and shooting happened in daylight in public areas. Due to these heinous and criminal activities, gang injunctions were introduced as a strategy for the law enforcement agencies to control the gang activities in the city. Police officers and other law enforcers got a civil court injunction forbidding gang activity in some cities such as Pomona, West Covina, and Santa Ana in Los Angeles. The civil injunctions saw police officers address gang members as a group

Global tourism has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past fifty years Essay

Global tourism has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past fifty years - Essay Example Tourism is a dynamic industry which enhances economic performance by generating valuable benefits, either in the form of infrastructural development or by creating positive publicity for individual destinations and countries. The social benefits offered by the tourism industry Global tourism industry has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past fifty years. This growth has contributed to the development of the society. The social benefits offered by the tourism industry are - The industry acts as a vital source of income as well as employment opportunities which are highly flexible. In the absence of this sector, the global GDP would be quite low and a major portion of the people in a society would be unemployed and live in poverty. Tourism industry has led to the development and improvement of the society. More than 50% of the people now live in cities globally and it is predicted that the percentage will rise to 75% by 2025. The tourism industry has helped to overcome the problem of cultural differences between people all over the world. Tourism industry has diversified the area of work culture and work practices. This has led to the rise in employment opportunities and has significantly reduced unemployment (â€Å"Travel and Tourism 2011† 5). Challenges faced by the Tourism Industry The Tourism Industry has faced a number of new challenges in its way of growth which reflects the structure of the industry. The challenges faced are- The industry had difficulty in achieving the target employment growth in mature markets due to the absence of proper human resource strategies which play a strong role in attracting and retaining employees. The period of 2000-2010 recorded a high growth in GDP as a result of the contribution of the tourism industry. But the growth was volatile with economic uncertainties, uneven, and was affected by terrorists’ attacks and epidemics. This affected the overall growth of GDP as the direct contribution of GDP in all the m arkets was not equal. As the tourism industry is in the verge of growth and development, it is facing more competition in field of capital investment from its global competitors. Terrorist attacks have led to the evolution of high concerns to the safety and security of the hosts. Technological advancement has increased the expectation of the customers. So, the tourism industry must be developed in connection to the technological developments so that it can be successfully meet the expectations and requirements of the changing consumers (â€Å"Economic Development Strategy Report† 29). Opportunities and Barriers to the further growth of the Tourism Industry in Nanaimo, Canada The opportunities to the further growth of the Tourism Industry in Nanaimo, Canada are- The Industry has developed several products, outdoor activities, recreational packages, sport tourism, and art and culture so as to attract the customers. This will provide the customers with a lively and variant exper ience. The Industry has introduced the provision of conducting different festivals and events, so as to meet the requirements and expectations of both the customers and its employees (Nanaimo Tourism, 4). The Industry is trying to

International Business ) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business ) - Research Paper Example Corporate social responsibility also has a great impact on the company’s market share and expendability. Many companies in various continents treat corporate social responsibility as a key aspect of their company survival technique. It has evolved from being a value additional concept of management to on being among the key concepts. This is because consumers evaluate their produces depending on how friendly they are to the environment, and their conformance to most of the international laws that business ethics demand be met. Many European companies are among the leading socially responsible companies in the present society (Global edge, 2012). This is true because Europe gets ranked as one of the greatest markets in the world. For this reason, the companies that operate in this zone must be willing to impress their consumers. The FTSE index provides the best tool in monitoring corporate socially responsible companies, in Europe, and the remaining parts of the world. The resh uffle of leading global responsible investment index series provides information on the companies that have adhered to environmental and social laws in the internal business arena. Companies get to fluctuate from one position to another because social laws change daily, and an organization will not be able to conform to each and every that is passed. In addition, not all corporate laws are universal. One of the most common companies that are socially responsible in Europe is Microsoft Europe. This is a company that was invented by Bill Gates and Paul Allen way back in 1975, and has since with co-operation with other companies revolutionized the software computing industry. As a software company, Microsoft does not face common responsibility in terms of social and environmental laws like other production companies. This is because it does not pollute the environment or utilize much of its resources (Barth & Wolff, 2009). Despite this, social responsibility has been key to the company because it has since been expanding in to different countries that harbor different social values. Microsoft has also been aware of the security issue their customers get to face in the internet, hence introducing free protective software’s such as windows defender. They have also included a vast number of language packs for their software users, hence allowing their products to be used by almost everybody in the world. Another company that is well known for its social responsibility and international conformance is Toshiba. Toshiba is an electrical component manufacturing companies to most other manufacturing companies, mostly in the computer industry. With a company of this nature, it demands so much from the environment due to the need for raw materials such as plastic and carbon fiber used in designing electrical circuit boards. It also utilizes metallic elements in some of its parts mostly aluminum and copper wires for cabling purposes. This means that the company gets to emit a lot of toxic gases to the environment. This will demand that to shows a lot of responsibility to those that live in its environment, and employees that work inside. However, the German company is ranked as the 22nd among the top a hundred companies that are socially responsible. This is because they have made sure that they do not release high levels of toxic gases to

Comparing poems Nothings changed Essay Example for Free

Comparing poems Nothings changed Essay The Poem nothings changed is based on Tatamkhulu Afrika himself who spent many years in South Africa and his autobiographical poem which describes most of what him and others had experienced and his own feelings expressed during the policy of Apartheid, introduced by the government in his country. This forced many popular attractions such as beaches, buses and even towns to be changed to white areas only. For some this meant leaving the country forever all just because of the colour of there skin. The poem itself is set out in six stanzas, each including eight fairly short but important lines. This kind of layout and structure in the poem creates a sense of control, showing how the poet is extremely clear about what he is saying and feeling in his head with no sudden actions leading to rage. Within the pattern of the poem the line lengths do also vary from a whole entire stanza to just two little words. For example: District Six. No board says it is: but my feet know, and my hands, and the skin about my bones, and the soft labouring of my lungs,and the hot, white, inwards turning. This shows how the structure of the strong poem changes in the stanzas, gradually getting bigger sentences as the stanza speaks on, giving a feeling of confidence in the poet proving he knows what he is talking about with all the information gathering. The whole poem is written in the present tense, although always recalling past experience he had the poet is constantly reliving the experience as he writes every word. This makes this poem in particular stand out from what were they like? due to the fact it is easy to identify what is going on. The poet also clearly states how he is feeling and what he is exactly doing as he writes, describing every little detail by putting us in his shoes. The poem overall describes how he returns to the wasteland that was once his home and relives the anger he felt when the area was first destroyed. With him seeing the restaurant Which consists of being expensive, stylish, exclusive with a guard at the gatepost it makes him think about the poverty around it especially the working mans cafi across from it were people live without eating from plates and on a plastic table top. This makes him reflect that despite the changing political situation, there are still huge inequalities between blacks and whites. Even though South Africa is supposed to have changed, he knows the new restaurant is really whites only. He feels that nothing has really changed overall. The deep anger he feels makes him want to destroy the restaurant completely to smash the glass with a stone, or a bomb. Secondly the poem what were they like written by Denise Levertov who wrote poems that opposed American fighting in Vietnam in the 1960s. This particular poem is against the typical American ignorance of the Vietnam war. She published the poem to show her true feelings about what the American army themselves had done to the people and the way of life of Vietnam. The structure of the poem is like an interview, having the interviewer or questioner ask all the questions together and then the speaker answer each question after one another. Altogether there are six questions followed by six very surprising answers. Also at the end of the poem the answers are followed by a rhetorical question who can say? This makes the reader think in there head about the answer and shows the unusual treatment Vietnam received by the American army. In the poem itself she compares two different periods, before and after the war had ended showing the interesting experiences people were put in and what she wants answered for. The tone in the first section of the poem includes a thought on curiosity and full of wonder and also could be considered as being questions which are asked quickly and impatiently as when reading them you want to get to the answers straight away. Also the tone of the questioner may seem to be angry and a state of foolishness and insensitivity, yet still having a sense of sadness because of the loss of such an innocent country and the people who lived there during this hectic time. The questioner themselves represent the uninformed Americans and the response being Denise Levertov giving the impression that the questioner should have known more about Vietnam. The responses to the questions seem rather bitter and brutal to the suffering people as when read seem honest and quickly spoken in your head which is what the poet is trying to get at to show the emotion of which happened during the war itself. Overall both poems include some similar qualities, both being completely true and poets experiencing the lives lived out there. Yet nothings changed is describing the life long change of the country since introducing the law of Apartheid in the 1960s and how the country is still living with it, and overcoming the stress and changes the country had to make to change the lives of black and white people which is something of anger and hatred. This is shown by a personal experience form living in the country and visiting local areas and recording the atmosphere of the place. This anger can also be shown in what were they like although this particular poet may have had experience from Vietnam she was not there to see it and includes in her poem questions referring to the fact she wants answers to what has happened in the past war against America. This shows the poems are different one including life experience on unfair laws made and the other just wanted answers on what she believes what happened in the Vietnam war is completely wrong.

Aravind Eye Hospital, India: Mission and Vision

Aravind Eye Hospital, India: Mission and Vision Aravind Eye Hospital:Â  Improving Lives One Eye at a Time A Brief Introduction Imagine having the world as you know it cease to exist, the things you once saw be erased, and having no hope to gain control of your life. This is how life for many people in India once was, and how it still is for some even today. A cataract, a curable infliction of the eye, has attacked men and women of every age, sparing no one, not even a child. They build up in size over time, and leave many blind. Once struck, the individual in question can no longer work, and has no way to take care of themselves, making them entirely dependent on their family for support. Living in an already impoverished area, blindness has dire consequences, resulting in many cases of premature death. There is a simple procedure that can reverse the effects of cataracts and return sight to the user. However, this surgery is too costly for some to afford. In India, a country with an extremely high poverty rate, cataracts had become a major problem for the inhabitants. Cataracts have left millions to suffer with an unnecessary disability, but one man came about to challenge its hold on the people of India. Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy revolutionized the medical field of eye care, and built a health institution that would allow everyone afflicted to get the help they needed, despite their ability to pay. This case analysis examines that institution, how it came into existence, how it operates, its creator, and the general background of the country of origination. Poverty and Healthcare in India Poverty is one of the biggest social issues in India. According to the Indian government, of its nearly 1 billion inhabitants, an estimated 260.3 million are below the poverty line. More than 75% of these poor people reside in impoverished villages (Azad, 2008). The causes of rural poverty include inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programs, and the unavailability of irrigational facilities. The poor irrigation systems result in crop-failure and low agricultural productivity, forcing farmers into a debt-trap. Economic development since independence has been lopsided. There has been an increase in unemployment rates that have forced many people into a state of poverty, and the population continues to grow at an alarming rate (Economy, 2009). Overpopulation of an already scarce job field has kept many individuals trapped by poverty. India has a Universal Health Care System operated by the government, like many other industrialized countries. The governmental hospitals offer health care to the masses at the tax-payers expense. The Indian government set up the health care system to help people who are below the poverty line, but many people have problems using the hospitals. One reason for this is the fact that there are an extremely low number of medical practitioners available for the people. Another reason is that most public hospitals are inefficient, and provide poor quality medical services to their patients. Quality could be better, but public hospitals generally only provide basic treatment, and have lower quality equipment to perform with. Inefficiency in the system is caused by the imbalance between medical providers and the needy population. For example, although India requires more than 74,000 hospitals to satisfy demand, it just has about 37,000 health care centers (Liberty, 2009). Due to the impoverished peoples lack of resources, they cannot afford to go to a private eye hospital to get their cataracts removed. And because of the limited availability and help from government hospitals, and their inability to perform eye surgery, most individuals are left with no choice but to remain blind. This in turn adds to the increasing rate of unemployment, as it is difficult for a blind person to get or maintain a job. And that leads to having even more people below the poverty line, as it is not only the individual in question, but their entire family as well. If there was a place they could go to be treated, it would help stop the cycle of poverty, and give them a fighting chance to live. Enter the Vision, Aravind Eye Hospital Aravind Eye Hospital has risen from its humble beginnings to promote eye health not only in India, but also throughout the world. Doctor Govindappa Venkataswamy, along with his sister and brother-in-law, started Aravind in 1976 (Maurice, 2001). This eye hospital was first opened in a rented house that contained only ten beds. The three founders were the only doctors at Aravind when it first opened. Since then it has grown little by little each year. This hospital has grown into a five-story building that is located in Madurai, in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This particular hospital now contains 1,900 beds. As of 2001, approximately 1.5 million blind people have left this one hospital with their sight completely restored. In addition to this, Aravind Eye Hospital has now expanded into a total of five hospitals throughout India (Maurice, 2001). The Aravind franchise includes a hospital created specifically to help restore sight to children (Maurice, 2001). The Internationa l Institute for Community Ophthalmology, which is a part of Aravind Eye Hospital, trains eye care workers from low-income countries. There is a medical research foundation as well as an eye bank that handles about 900 corneas a year that are associated with Aravind. Aurolab is a manufacturing facility that makes lenses, pharmaceuticals, and surgery supplies for Aravind (Maurice, 2001). Aravind Eye Hospital later branched out and opened Aurolab, despite disagreements from the Indian government, because imported intraocular lenses, IOLs, were too expensive for low-income patients to afford (Shah, 2004). Aurolab makes approximately 700,000 IOLs each year (Maurice, 2001). These IOLs are then sold, not only to Aravind but to eye care facilities in over eighty countries, for a price that is ten times less expensive than the same quality of IOLs used in western countries (Maurice, 2001). Aurolab also manufactures spectacles, sutures, and medications along with the IOLs, to sell to the hosp itals for reduced costs (Chang, 2004). The Aravind group worked with approximately 1.3 million patients in 2000 (Maurice, 2001). This is about 85-90% more than most other hospitals in India. Also, Aravind holds mobile eye camps throughout the year to raise eye care awareness in India (Maurice, 2001). These eye camps screen villagers on a Sunday, then bus the patients into Aravind in the evening (Chang, 2004). The surgeries are then performed on Monday. There are usually 300-400 cases on Mondays, with the record being 500 cases (Chang, 2004). Most eye surgeons in the world perform less than 350 surgeries each year. At Aravind, the average number of surgeries per doctor is 2000 per year. Aravind looks to multiply its benefits by hiring and training local doctors and surgeons. Even though Aravind pays slightly more than the government hospitals, seven to ten doctors leave each year. The reason is, since Aravind is nonprofit organization, it is unable to compete pay wise with private practice institutions (Maurice, 2001). The Path to Aravind As previously mentioned, Aravind was founded by Govindappa Venkataswamy, who is commonly known as Dr. V (Maurice, 2001). Dr. V does not view his job as work, but rather as something that he is excited to be able to do. According to Dr. V, if there is something you can do, you should do it. Dr. V was born in 1918 and died at the age of 87 on July 7, 2006 (Govindappa, 2009). He received a Bachelors of Arts in chemistry from American College in Madurai in 1938. Then, in 1944, he received a doctor of medicine from Stanley Medical College in Madras. Finally in his education he received a doctor of ophthalmology from the Government Ophthalmic Hospital in Madras in 1951. From 1976 until his death in 2006, Dr. V was the chairman of Aravind Eye Hospital. In 1956 he was named the head of the Department of Ophthalmology at the Government Madurai Medical College. At the same time, he was an eye surgeon at the Government Erksine Hospital. He held both of these positions for twenty years until his forced retirement from the government hospital in 1976 (Govindappa, 2009). Dr. V was partly influenced in the creation of Aravind by his mentor, the philosopher and mystic Sri Aurobindo, whom Dr. V was a disciple of for fifty years (Maurice, 2001). When Dr. V was asked about the influence of his mentor into Aravind, he made the following statement: You do your best in your job and higher ideas come to you, and then you try to realize those ideas too (Maurice, 2001). Dr. V was also motivated from his work at the government hospital (Shah, 2004). The government asked him to have four camps a year while he still worked with the government hospital in 1961. This also proved to be a part of his opportunity identification. He saw the number of patients attending rise each time the camp was held (Shah, 2004). The fact that eighteen million people are blind by curable cataracts worldwide is another part of Dr. Vs opportunity identification (Chang, 2004). This number is growing at an alarmi ng, nearly epidemic rate. Blindness causes reduced life expectancy, and productivity is lost for both for the blind as well as for those that care for them (Chang, 2004). Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy: A True Social Entrepreneur Dr. V had entrepreneurial quality, which is one of the four categories used to evaluate Ashoka nominees (Bornstein, 2004). People with entrepreneurial quality seek to change an entire field, not just get something done locally. People with this trait not only want to express their ideas, but they want to go out and be a part of solving the problems by executing their ideas (Bornstein, 2004). Dr. V has shown entrepreneurial quality through his work at standardizing the procedures for cataract surgery because this allowed the change to spread throughout the field, not just at his hospitals in India. Another way he has shown entrepreneurial quality is through the training that Aravind does for doctors in other countries. Finally, the fact that Dr. V did over 100,000 eye surgeries successfully himself shows that he was willing to be a part in executing his idea (Govindappa, 2009). The Six Qualities of Social Entrepreneurship Dr. V has also demonstrated the six qualities of a successful social entrepreneur as laid out by David Bornstein (2004). These six qualities are as follows: the willingness to self-correct, the willingness to share credit, the willingness to break free from established structures, the willingness to cross disciplinary boundaries, the willingness to work quietly, and a strong ethical impetus (Bornstein, 2004). Dr. V asked for help from business schools to on how to keep doctors from falling back into complacency at their own hospitals after completing training with Aravind (Shah, 2004). This shows his willingness to share credit because he publicly sought their help. It also shows his willingness to self-correct because when he saw the problem of doctors becoming complacent, even after receiving Aravinds training, he took active measures to fix the problem. He also shared credit with the other doctors that work with him, acknowledging the fact that Aravind could never have become such a success without the hard work put forth by everyone involved. And as mentioned earlier, the government was against the creation of Aurolab (Shah, 2004). By creating the facility anyway, Dr. V demonstrated his willingness to break free from established structures. Dr. V was able to cross disciplinary fields from medical and into manufacturing when he opened Aurolab. Also, by working privately at creating Aurolab and making it affordable, Dr. V demonstrated his ability to work quietly (Shah, 2004). Dr. V has repeatedly demonstrated his strong ethical impetus. During an interview Dr. V said that the focus of Aravind was on honesty and respecting the patients (Shah, 2004). Also, he said he tries to choose compassion over cost. This is exemplified when they spend more than the fixed charge for a patient because they do not charge the extra cost to the patient. R.D. Thularsiraj, the executive director of Aravind, says that Dr. V instituted a system of values into the hospital that has the effect of guiding their work to wanting to help others and away from focusing too much on money (Maurice, 2001). Finally, Dr. V has capacity building programs that basically work to instill integrity and quality into new hospitals (Shah, 2004). Structuring Sustainability, the Core of Aravind Dr. V wanted to reach those who had not been reached before, and help the poverty stricken individuals, who without his help, would not be able to see. He removed barriers, promoted community involvement, and had a growing market model for healthcare. Even after his death, his dream is still living on. Aravind continues to explore new approaches to the primary eye care market, and continuously seeks new innovations to help the population. When opening the first hospital in Madurai, in Tamil Nadu, his sister and her husband, both eye surgeons, joined Dr. V in his efforts. To cut costs, all three doctors took significant pay cuts since bankers would not finance a clinic that, regardless of ability to pay, gives eye care to the rich and poor. Dr. V even mortgaged his house to get the necessary finances to start the hospital. Within a year, all the efforts paid off and the hospital quadrupled in size. There are now five Aravind Eye Hospitals, and all are self sustaining, thanks to a blueprint copying system that has allowed for easier knowledge transfusion throughout the hospital chain. Dr. V took the unusual step of asking even poor patients to pay whenever they could, believing that the volume of paying business, which amounts to approximately 30% of clients, would sustain the rest (Aravind, 2007). Two thirds of patients receive the free outpatient services, while paying patients receiving additional amenities, such as private rooms for extended recovery, and hot meals. The profit made from every one paying customer covers the costs of two patients that cannot pay. Aravind is famous for its fee structure. The consultations are free for poor patients while others pay 50 Rs (their currency, approximately $1 US). Impoverished patients can be expected to pay as little as nothing, or up to 250 Rs, which is as much as they can spare. A subsidized rate is 750 Rs (approximately $15 US). The regular patient fee, which is aimed for middle income patients, is 3,500-6,000 Rs. For a Phaco surgery, the rate is 6,500-12,000 Rs (Saravana,2002). This is a need based transparent financial system, and it is this kind of trust and care Aravind has built that attracts paying patients. The lower than market cost for even the paying patients, at least 25% lower, attracts them also. The Business Model of Aravind Aravind Eye Hospital operates with a business model unlike that of any other business in the health care industry, bearing striking similarities to the fast food industry instead. Dr. V. was impressed with how a chain like McDonalds could offer the same quality product no matter where you went, and still get it to you quickly (Health, 2007). He became adamant about the fact that a hospital could be run under the same principle, and trained his employees to treat large amounts of people without sacrificing quality. Today, Aravinds network of hospitals has the distinction of being the most productive eye care organization in the world in terms of surgical volume and the number of patients treated. The success of Aravinds business model is dependent on numbers, as it is the high-volume of low cost procedures that offsets the costs associated with delivering such a high quality service. In order to reach more patients, Aravind Eye Hospital advertises its services heavily, and is benefite d by the positive word of mouth that has quickly spread about them. They have also implemented technology that allows his staff to serve people that are not able to come to the hospital; they do this by video conferencing, instant messaging, online patient questionnaires, and through the use of web cams. One example of how they have used technology to help their business can be seen through the internet kiosks the place in remote villages. Here, they have women trained to take pictures of the patients eyes using a webcam, then they send the images to the Doctor along with the filled out patient questionnaire. The doctor then receives the file via e-mail almost instantaneously, and is able to interact with the patient through an online chat program. This is made possible because of collaboration with the University of Berkeley Information Technology center, with a low cost Wi-Fi connection. This provides access to the patient, and a remarkable cost reduction. This also allows the sta ff to provide consultations with people who would otherwise not be able to make it to the hospital, and makes it easier for the team to transfer information between each other (Aravind, 2007). What Makes Aravind Different A core part of Aravinds model is to never turn away a patient due to economic reasons. In fact, it has even been recorded that Dr. V once accepted a chicken as payment for surgery. The goal of Aravind is to help as many people as they can, not to make a profit. Their business model is formatted in a way that provides a level of self-sustainability that allows them to use all income towards expanding their processes, improving their work, and keeping services free to those who need them. Dr. V set up this model believing that people will pay when they can, even if its months after their surgery. Aravinds business model originally focused on just eye surgery and care, but after time it expanded into manufacturing in order to create low cost lenses. This change in the model was necessary because importing the lenses from the West was too expensive, and in order to comply with their vision of providing eye care to the disadvantaged, they needed to come up with a way to lower costs. Anoth er way they have put into their system to help them reach more clients is by using a two tiered pricing structure. Wealthy people are expected to contribute more, and for every one paid surgery, Aravind can afford to do many free surgeries. And because Aravind is the best eye hospital in the region, wealthy people choose to go there. In order to maintain maximum levels of efficiency and resource usage, the hospital staff performs just their specific specialization, and the surgery procedures themselves are standardized. And to make sure that all who want to go to Aravind are able to, the clinic provides buses that pick people up in the morning, and then drive them back to their communities after the day is over (Shah, 2009). Before the patients are brought to the hospital, they must go through an eye screening at their local community, using one of the internet kiosks as mentioned earlier. They are then evaluated, and transported to the hospital if it appears that surgery or a live consultation will be necessary. This process is promoted, organized, and financially backed by local business leaders. In keeping staffing cost low, Aravind recruits locally. The majority of the staff is from local villages. Being trained and having grown up in the same community as they will be working, they share the dream of the hospital. And since local wages expectations and cost of living are low, the hospital can pay these individuals less than individuals coming from out of the country. The medical staff is also trained, not only for a job, but a prestigious life long career. For each surgeon, the hospital has four highly trained paramedics for support. Aravind Eye Hospitals ophthalmologists are linked with video conferencing with their Vision Centers technicians for each patient. Expanding their business model, Aravind ventured into lens production. They now have a factory that can produce parts at low-cost prices. Compared to the $200 for imported lenses, they produce these for about $5 at their home factory (Dan, 2008). Now, because of outside funding they export their products to over 80 countries. Their method to production lens was branched out to produce other products such as blades, instruments, sutures, and pharmaceuticals. They can produce these products for fractions of what the western world can, and make a handsome profit. This also cuts costs on buying them from somewhere else. The income gained from the paying patients contributes to approximately 20% of the budget. The other income comes from the production of manufactured products and the provision of training and consultations. In order to retain a sustainable operation Aravind is constantly looking to improve. Since they adopted many technologies earlier than other hospitals they are remain ing high in breakthrough technology. They utilize their technology to communicate easier with fellow staff members, patients, partners, and other hospitals across the globe. Aravind has regular reviews of their system, and follows up on executive decisions to ensure they stick to their intended model. But they are always looking for new ways to better themselves, and to grow. Scalability of the Aravind Model The Aravind System has a great approach to overcoming obstacles in the cataract surgery industry. The main characteristic of the Aravind model is that they provide quality care at prices that everyone can afford. They are self sustaining, yet still able to provide their services to the poor and rich alike. Their business model stresses a maximum use of all resources. This is all achieved by their high volume quality, and a well structured system. The Aravind model can be replicated in countries with inexpensive labor. For example, the model would work well in Asia or underprivileged areas in Africa. Their model will work well if you have a large population with a social need, and if you can find doctors who are willing to operate many times daily. Also, to be financially stable there must be enough revenue to cover the free services from the paying ones. The cost of the service cannot be too high. In order for the need-based service to work, there must be incentives to paying. The people at Aravind pay because they want to have a bed in a private room with air conditioning, or the other amenities that they offer. Aravind eliminated non-beneficial activities and wait time. By having standardized protocols of clinical procedures, activities, and administrative measures, it cuts down on the error count and makes procedures more efficient. The surgeons do not do tasks such as preparing patients, taking measurements, or diagnostic s testing, this is all done by trained assistants. Letting the surgeons focus on just the surgical procedure itself. It cuts down on transition time between surgeries. The state of the art technology requires surgeons to exhibit less energy, and allows them to operate more times per day. Since surgeons average 1700 more surgeries than the national average, there are many benefits to being an Aravind surgeon. Surgeons here do not only want to make a difference in the lives of the people, but by performing many more surgeries than they would otherwise, they are also bettering themselves. Aravind has reached over 200 hospitals through their consultancy process, and they hope to reach many more in the near future. The Aravind model makes scalability in developing nations limitless through their fee system, management techniques, high aspirations, and quality of care. From the David Bornsteins book example of blueprint copying, Aravind wants to be used as an example. They want their techniques, management protocols, and philosophies to be copied by others, as well as they have in making their hospitals across India. Just as the Grameen Banks idea of Micro-credit has spread to numerous lending programs, Aravinds basic model, a 250-bed hospital was adopted in Mumbai, Kolkata and Nepal hospitals. Also, the Indian government is adopting Aravinds medical protocol doctrine for their training centers around the country. Aravinds goal is to be an example of efficient management and inexpensive care to patients, since any ophthalmologist can provide eye care, but can only sustai n affordability to the masses as long as it is managed properly. This is their new focus called Managed Eye Hospitals. In the long term, according to their website, they want to affect a larger population, by exceeding 100 eye care hospitals spreading to other parts of the world. They want to be an example for other health care hospitals to become more efficient, and to grow and thrive. Aravinds ultimate goal is to join together with others to help eliminate treatable blindness entirely by the year 2020 (Aravind, 2009). A Bittersweet Critique It is hard to critique a social business, as we try to negate or justify the flaws in the system by contrasting it with the good it does for the public. However, a company, no matter how well intentioned, cannot grow to its full potential if not given the criticism necessary to improve their system. In this section, we will first explain the flaws we found within Aravind and how we believe they might negatively affect the company in the future. Then we will explain some of the great benefits or pros of Aravind, and how we believe they will perform in the future. The Bad The business model of Aravind, although scalable, is very reliant upon having a strong client base. In particular, it needs a constant influx of paying customers to negate the costs incurred by offering their services for free or for extremely reduced prices. The location of new ventures is also a factor of success for the model to work, as their structure involves hiring local residents to work in the hospitals. If the quality of workers is diminished in the area attempted, then the Aravind system will not run as efficiently or effectively as intended. Also, it would cost them more to bring in employees from outside the area, which would raise the overall cost level, and reduce their ability to offer their services to the impoverished people of the area. Another flaw in the Aravind system is the high turnover rate they must deal with. Doctors come from all over the globe to train in these hospitals, as they perform more surgeries in a day than they would otherwise perform in a few m onths time. But since Aravind is trying to operate on as small a cost budget as possible, they cannot afford to pay their staff rates that are high enough to compete with private practice firms. One final flaw we saw when examining Aravind, was the fact that they make staff members work even when they are sick. Although this is done to keep production up, it also makes room for errors, and contagion. The dedication seen by the employees is admirable, but when sick, you should not be performing any service in the medical field. The Good Aravind has greatly enlarged the social impact they have on society by not only providing a necessary service to meet one of their healthcare needs, but also by creating jobs and hiring locally. This is seen both with Aravind hospitals and with their manufacturing plant, Aurolab. Aravind could easily outsource to get employees and resources, but instead they choose to continue helping the social sector in their respective areas. And even though Aravind Eye Hospitals treat more patients than any other eye care facility in the world, they continue to advertise their service across the country in order to find and serve more individuals. They are actively seeking out their target market instead of waiting for them to come to them. Eye camps, kiosks, and bus runs have been created by the Aravind system to get them closer to their market, and physically bring their clients in. Their use of technology allows them to consult and share their practices with hospitals worldwide, and increases productivity among staff members, and allows them to reach the population that cannot make it into the hospitals. Aravind Eye Hospitals have created an efficient and effective service that best serves the social sector, and provides much needed help to the economically disadvantaged and blind population. And because Aravind is renowned worldwide for its innovation in the field, technical excellence, and operational efficiency, it attracts new ophthalmologists to the system. Once these new surgeons get trained in the Aravind way, it betters the surgeon himself because of the massive amount of surgeries he will complete, and it also extends the Aravind practice into even more hospitals across the globe. We believe that Aravind is doing an excellent job so far, and has a very sustainable model. They have been critical in their decision making thus far, and we feel confident that they will only become stronger as time goes by. This will hit a cap at some point though, as Aravind gets closer to reaching its vision of curing all the worlds treatable blindness, their market will start to decline. Once demand sinks low enough, the current model used by Aravind will become useless, and they will need to undergo some major revisions to their model. Overall though, it really is an excellent business model, and is doing a great deal of good for the people of India. Work Citations Azad India Foundation: http://www.azadindia.org/social-issues/poverty-in-india.html Economy Watch: http://www.economywatch.com/indianeconomy/poverty-in-india.html Reason For Liberty: http://www.reasonforliberty.com/current-affairs/indian-health-care-an-overview.html Bornstein, David. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2004. Print. Chang, David F. Three programs offer hope. (Cover story). Ophthalmology Times 34.9 (2009): 1-43. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. EBSCO. Web. 27 Oct. 2009. Govindappa Venkataswamy, MD (deceased). ASCRS: The American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2009. ASCRS. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. Maurice, J. Restoring sight to the millionsthe Aravind way. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79.3 (2001): 270. CINAHL. EBSCO. Web. 27 Oct. 2009. Shah, Janat, and L. S. Murty. Compassionate, High Quality Health Care at Low Cost: The Aravind Model. IIMB Management Review 16.3 (2004): 31-43. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. Aravind Eye Hospitals: http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache:-V-GZ0L9JZMJ:www.aravind.org/tribute/A%2520Man%2520Who%2520Saved%25202.4%2520Million%2520Eyes.pdf+aravind+eye+hospital+business+modelcd=7hl=enct=clnkgl=us Health Scribe Media: http://health.scribemedia.org/2007/01/03/aravind-eye-clinic/ Saravanan, S., Organisational Capacity Builting- A Model Developed by Aravind Eye Care System http://laico.org, retrieved on 11-29-2009, http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/capacity_build.pdf. Dan, Sorin A.,ARAVIND EYE HOSPITAL:Assignment Public Managementhttp://www.people.umass.edu, retrieved on 11-27-2009. http://www.people.umass.edu/sdan/projectspapers/Aravind.pdf. Last opened 11/29/2009.